- Title
- Associations between dietary salt, potassium and blood pressure in South African adults: WHO SAGE Wave 2 Salt & Tobacco
- Creator
- Ware, L. J.; Charlton, K.; Schutte, A. E.; Cockeran, M.; Naidoo, N.; Kowal, P.
- Relation
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases Vol. 27, Issue 9, p. 784-791
- Publisher Link
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2017.06.017
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Resource Type
- journal article
- Date
- 2017
- Description
- Background & aims: In June 2016, South Africa implemented legislation mandating maximum sodium levels in a range of processed foods with a goal of reducing population salt intake and disease burden from hypertension. Our aim was to explore the relationship between salt and blood pressure (BP) in a subsample of the World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 2 before implementation of legislation in South Africa. Methods & results: Blood pressure (BP) was measured in triplicate (n = 2722; median age 56 years; 33% male) and 24-h urine collected in a nested subsample (n = 526) for sodium, potassium and creatinine analysis. Hypertension prevalence was 55% in older adults (50-plus years) and 28% in younger adults (18-49 years). Median salt intake (6.8 g/day) was higher in younger than older adults (8.6 g vs 6.1 g/day; p < 0.001), and in urban compared to rural populations (7.0 g vs 6.0 g/day; p = 0.033). Overall, 69% of participants had salt intakes above 5 g/day. Potassium intakes were generally low (median 35 mmol/day) with significantly lower intakes in rural areas and older adults. Overall, 91% of adults failed to meet the daily potassium recommendation of 90 mmol/d. Salt intakes above 5 g/day, and to a greater extent, a dietary sodium-to-potassium (Na:K) ratio above 2 mmol/mmol, were associated with significantly steeper regression slopes of BP with age. Conclusion: These preliminary results indicate that high dietary Na:K ratio may lead to a greater increase in BP and hypertension risk with age. Interventions to increase potassium intakes alongside sodium reduction initiatives may be warranted.
- Subject
- hypertension; sodium; potassium; salt; aging; health policy; public health; South Africa
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1354048
- Identifier
- uon:31190
- Identifier
- ISSN:0939-4753
- Rights
- © 2017. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
- Language
- eng
- Full Text
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